![]() ![]() Thus, these wastes and byproducts can be used as possible substrates to develop a sustainable, eco-friendly biofertilizer ( He et al., 2020 Namfon et al., 2017). Some industries are required to pay to get rid of their waste or have a difficult time in treating their wastes. It is also important to find cheaper raw materials that are high in nutrients, carbon, and nitrogen source and use it as a substrate or possible liquid media to culture microorganisms. Production of low cost, effective biofertilizers involves multiple phases, starting from choosing the suitable carrier, isolation and screening of microbes to find the most potent one, to undergoing several tests, before scaling it up from flask-stage to commercial stage ( Stamenković et al., 2018 Vassileva et al., 2021). Since carrier based biofertilizers have a short shelf life, low cell count, and difficulties in storage and handling, liquid biofertilizers which a have a high cell count of more than 10 9 were developed to overcome these problems ( Nagarajan, 2021). Biofertilizers are known for their ability to provide plants with nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate, zinc, phosphorus and also help in promoting plant growth ( Szilagyi-Zecchin et al., 2016). ![]() Hence, the market for biofertilizers is expected to increase from 2.3 billion USD in 2020 to 3.9 billion in 2025 ( Mehra, 2020). Even so, not all native soil microbes interact the same with biofertilizers, since the addition of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere may enhance certain microbial groups or inhibit them, and in some cases PGPR does not affect the native microbial population at all ( Mącik et al., 2020).Ĭonsumer awareness about the hazards of chemical fertilizers, soil deterioration, and nitrate emissions, as well as government measures, are increasing with years. Biofertilizers are not only responsible for enhancing soil physiochemical properties, but also affecting the structure and function of microorganisms via changes in the microbial carbon, microbial diversity, and the community level physiological profiling ( Aponte et al., 2022 Javoreková et al., 2015). He described “Alinite and Nitragin”, a commercial product for fixing nitrogen in the soil, but these products needed more development by multiplication of the organisms in favorable environments ( Knight, 1878).īiofertilizers consist of single or multiple strains of microbes like algae, bacteria, and fungi that enhance the plant growth through colonization of the rhizosphere and the interior of the plant, and through enhanced nutrient availability that can be added to the seeds, plant surface, or the soil ( Nosheen et al., 2021 Riaz et al., 2020). Discovering that organisms capture nitrogen laid the groundwork for further developments in scientific research related to agriculture. Wiley, delivered a speech to the Franklin Institute in which he spoke about the possibility of using microorganisms ( Rhizobium sp.) to enhance soil fertility. Knowledge of the use of microorganisms to increase soil fertility began as early as 1901, when the American chemist, Harvey W. ![]() Therefore, it is vital to shift the focus to the production of safe and environmentally friendly methods for sustainable crop production.īeneficial microorganisms present in the soil are often utilized for sustainable crop production as they have long lasting effects on the soil fertility ( Mitter et al., 2021 Umesha et al., 2018). In addition, these hazardous substances are not taken up by plants, but accumulate in ground water affecting the soil negatively. However, these chemical fertilizers are causing serious environmental pollution by reducing water-holding capacity in the soil and thus its fertility, increasing soil acidity, and reducing the number of microorganisms, resulting in nutritional imbalances in the soil ( Nosheen et al., 2021). To reach self-sufficiency, chemical fertilizers have been widely used by countries to increase crop yield. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization’s estimates, the demand on agricultural crops will increase to 60% by the year 2030 ( Bruinsma, 2002). ![]() The current increase in the world population to 7.8 billion has placed an increasing demand on agricultural crops, thus posing great challenges in terms of how to feed such a large population ( Worldometers, 2021). ![]()
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